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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas-Fermi-Modell</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Das <b>Thomas-Fermi-Modell</b> (TF; auch bekannt als <i>statistische Theorie atomarer Systeme bzw. des Atoms</i><sup id="cite_ref-Gombas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gombas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder <i>Thomas-Fermi-Theorie</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) ist ein <a href="Atommodell" class="mw-redirect" title="Atommodell">Atommodell</a>, das die Atomhülle als ein Gas von <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektronen</a> behandelt, welches durch das elektrostatische Feld des <a href="Atomkern" title="Atomkern">Atomkerns</a> gebunden ist und den Zustand geringstmöglicher Energie einnimmt, wobei die durch die Elektronenwolke selbst bewirkte Abschirmung mit berücksichtigt wird. Es handelt sich um eine <a href="Semiklassische_N%C3%A4herung" title="Semiklassische Näherung">semiklassische Näherung</a>, denn die Quantenmechanik wird nur insoweit berücksichtigt, als die Elektronen das <a href="Pauli-Prinzip" title="Pauli-Prinzip">Paulische Ausschließungsprinzip</a> befolgen, also ein ideales <a href="Fermi-Gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermi-Gas">Fermi-Gas</a> bilden. Das Thomas-Fermi-Modell wurde unabhängig voneinander 1927 von <a href="Llewellyn_Thomas" title="Llewellyn Thomas">Llewellyn Thomas</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <a href="Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entwickelt und macht noch keinen Gebrauch von der 1926 von <a href="Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> entwickelten <a href="Schr%C3%B6dingergleichung" title="Schrödingergleichung">quantenmechanischen Wellengleichung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gombas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gombas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1930 erweiterte <a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> das Modell durch näherungsweise Einbeziehung der <a href="Austauschintegral" class="mw-redirect" title="Austauschintegral">Austauschenergie</a> zum TFD-Modell.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aufbau_des_Modells">Aufbau des Modells</h2></div>
<p>Befinden sich in einem Gebiet mit potentieller Energie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> Elektronen, die im Grundzustand dieses Vielteilchensystems alle möglichen Zustände mit Energien <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=V+E_{kin}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=V+E_{kin}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f449e116abf1039b22aa85be9b51f142ed8c9525.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.859ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=V+E_{kin}}" loading="lazy"></span> bis zu einer Obergrenze <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{kin}=E_{\mathrm {F} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi>
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</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{kin}=E_{\mathrm {F} }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e4f7eb7e5930795bc760f5f276071ef1b79f64e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.477ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{kin}=E_{\mathrm {F} }}" loading="lazy"></span> besetzen, dann ist nach der Theorie des Fermi-Gases die <a href="Teilchendichte" title="Teilchendichte">Teilchendichte</a> in diesem Gebiet
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {1}{3\pi ^{2}}}\left[{\frac {2m}{\hbar ^{2}}}E_{\mathrm {F} }\right]^{\frac {3}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi>
</mrow>
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</msub>
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<mo>]</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {1}{3\pi ^{2}}}\left[{\frac {2m}{\hbar ^{2}}}E_{\mathrm {F} }\right]^{\frac {3}{2}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7a839c6d6c4d827ecd8bbb13800ad41880c8dbc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.938ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {1}{3\pi ^{2}}}\left[{\frac {2m}{\hbar ^{2}}}E_{\mathrm {F} }\right]^{\frac {3}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darin ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \hbar }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de68de3a92517953436c93b5a76461d49160cc41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.306ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \hbar }" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Reduzierte_Planck-Konstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduzierte Planck-Konstante">reduzierte Planck-Konstante</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> die Elektronenmasse.
</p><p>Die Elektronen (Ladung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/07ba5105b33e9ac88f605cc50663a9e2c16fcc63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:2.892ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -e}" loading="lazy"></span>) erzeugen ein elektrostatisches Potential <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aed80a2011a3912b028ba32a52dfa57165455f24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi }" loading="lazy"></span>, das über die <a href="Poisson-Gleichung" title="Poisson-Gleichung">Poisson-Gleichung</a> mit der Ladungsdichte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -e\rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -e\rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8cdd9bcb4f37f94ba36eed744e18da86b1c3f8bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.094ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -e\rho }" loading="lazy"></span> zusammenhängt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \Phi (\mathbf {r} )={\frac {e\rho (\mathbf {r} )}{\varepsilon _{0}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \Phi (\mathbf {r} )={\frac {e\rho (\mathbf {r} )}{\varepsilon _{0}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9354bcd5785534eb8ac82e53909cff59bb1d03ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:15.657ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \Phi (\mathbf {r} )={\frac {e\rho (\mathbf {r} )}{\varepsilon _{0}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Im <a href="Gau%C3%9Fsches_Einheitensystem" title="Gaußsches Einheitensystem">gaußschen Einheitensystem</a> lautet die Gleichung: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \Delta \Phi (\mathbf {r} )=4\pi e\rho (\mathbf {r} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \Delta \Phi (\mathbf {r} )=4\pi e\rho (\mathbf {r} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0fbde1dd45f321250bb3ed88258e5733d718584.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.315ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle \Delta \Phi (\mathbf {r} )=4\pi e\rho (\mathbf {r} )}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Aus diesen beiden allgemeingültigen Zusammenhängen entsteht durch drei weitere Gleichungen ein Atommodell:
</p>
<ol><li>Die gesamte potentielle Energie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {r} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {r} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e505f45567900bfaf3ceb2f7602c3ff72a982f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.699ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {r} )}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Elektrons im Atom mit der Kernladung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Ze}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Ze}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7620c533057ff764ac2077a003e4a7c14a0450e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Ze}" loading="lazy"></span> ist: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {r} )=-{\frac {Ze}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r}}-e\Phi (\mathbf {r} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
<mi>r</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {r} )=-{\frac {Ze}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r}}-e\Phi (\mathbf {r} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/218d781a08454bdbea20f588cecb029933454dfe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:24.635ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {r} )=-{\frac {Ze}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r}}-e\Phi (\mathbf {r} )}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. im Gauß-System: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {r} )=-{\frac {Ze}{r}}-e\Phi (\mathbf {r} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {r} )=-{\frac {Ze}{r}}-e\Phi (\mathbf {r} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a0b2b0243097e4434bee9b408dbdaa564a64932.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.719ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {r} )=-{\frac {Ze}{r}}-e\Phi (\mathbf {r} )}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Die höchste Energie der besetzten Zustände soll an jedem Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eca0f46511c4c986c48b254073732c0bd98ae0c1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.102ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} }" loading="lazy"></span> im Atom dieselbe sein: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =V(\mathbf {r} )+E_{F}(\mathbf {r} )=\mathbf {const} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">c</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="bold">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =V(\mathbf {r} )+E_{F}(\mathbf {r} )=\mathbf {const} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/593ba87125f41adf9b9979d1f787398f856300f6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.332ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =V(\mathbf {r} )+E_{F}(\mathbf {r} )=\mathbf {const} }" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>Die Gesamtzahl der Elektronen wird durch die Normierung festgelegt: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int \rho (\mathbf {r} )\;\mathrm {d} ^{3}\mathbf {r} =Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int \rho (\mathbf {r} )\;\mathrm {d} ^{3}\mathbf {r} =Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6fc51cafe50a681a36bc0296edb3d46700b9a0bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:15.567ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int \rho (\mathbf {r} )\;\mathrm {d} ^{3}\mathbf {r} =Z}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ol>
<p>Die erste der drei Gleichungen bedeutet, dass für jedes Elektron das gleiche Potential gilt und dass weitere quantenmechanische Effekte, die auf Korrelationen zwischen den Elektronen beruhen wie z. B. die <a href="Austauschintegral" class="mw-redirect" title="Austauschintegral">Austauschenergie</a>, ignoriert werden. Die zweite Gleichung muss für den Grundzustand erfüllt sein, damit die Gesamtenergie nicht durch räumliche Verschiebung eines Elektrons noch abgesenkt werden könnte. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> ist das räumlich konstante <a href="Chemisches_Potential" title="Chemisches Potential">chemische Potential</a>. Damit wird die Fermi-Energie ortsabhängig, mithin auch die Elektronendichte. Die dritte Gleichung legt die Normierung der Teilchendichte für ein neutrales Atom fest, für positive Ionen wäre sie entsprechend abzuändern (für negative Ionen hat das Modell keine stabile Lösung).
</p><p>Im Thomas-Fermi-Modell bestimmen sich die räumliche Verteilung der Elektronen und das ortsabhängige Potential gegenseitig so, dass alle obigen Gleichungen erfüllt sind. Das heißt, die räumliche Verteilung der Elektronen hat in der gewählten semiklassischen Näherung die Eigenschaft, dass sie (zusammen mit dem Kern) gerade das elektrostatische Potential erzeugt, aus dem sich an jedem Ort die der Dichte entsprechende Fermienergie ergibt. Gesucht ist also eine selbstkonsistente Lösung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Umfang_und_Einschränkungen"><span id="Umfang_und_Einschr.C3.A4nkungen"></span>Umfang und Einschränkungen</h2></div>
<p>Das Thomas-Fermi-Modell stellt den einfachsten Weg dar, in einem Viel-Elektronensystem nicht nur die gegenseitige elektrostatische Abstoßung der Elektronen zumindest in pauschaler und klassischer Weise zu berücksichtigen, sondern auch das quantenmechanische <a href="Pauli-Prinzip" title="Pauli-Prinzip">Pauli-Prinzip</a>. Ausgangspunkt ist die nur näherungsweise richtige Vorstellung, es gäbe einen festen Potentialtopf und er sei für alle Elektronen gleich. Das Modell ergibt daher für alle Atome (der Form nach) denselben Verlauf der Elektronendichte. Die Größe der Atome wird annähernd richtig wiedergegeben, ihre totale Bindungsenergie aber überschätzt (z. B. bei Hg um 17 %)<sup id="cite_ref-Schwinger_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Genauere Vorstellungen über die Form der Zustände der einzelnen Elektronen, detailliertere Informationen über den Aufbau der Elektronenhülle (z. B. <a href="Atomorbital" title="Atomorbital">Atomorbitale</a>) oder die stabile Bindung zwischen Atomen kann das Modell nicht liefern.<sup id="cite_ref-Teller_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Im Vergleich zu Methoden, die versuchen die Schrödingergleichung zu lösen (z. B. nach dem <a href="Hartree-Fock-Verfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartree-Fock-Verfahren">Hartree-Fock-Verfahren</a> bzw. der <a href="Self-Consistent-Field-Methode" title="Self-Consistent-Field-Methode">Self-Consistent-Field-Methode</a>, <i>SCF</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slater_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slater-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approximiert die TF-Näherung die <a href="Elektronendichte" title="Elektronendichte">Elektronendichte</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77f477411625125978c0a18946bdfae2c1f13bcb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.113ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r} )}" loading="lazy"></span> und versucht die Gesamtenergie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(\rho )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(\rho )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91519e54c53fcbb09bb382a513802d39789be073.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.787ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(\rho )}" loading="lazy"></span> als <a href="Funktional" title="Funktional">Funktional</a> der Dichte auszudrücken.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ca. 40 Jahre nach der TF-Theorie erbrachten die zwei Theoreme von <a href="Hohenberg-Kohn-Theorem" title="Hohenberg-Kohn-Theorem">Hohenberg-Kohn</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sowie dem <a href="Dichtefunktionaltheorie_(Quantenphysik)#Die_Kohn-Sham-Funktionen" title="Dichtefunktionaltheorie (Quantenphysik)">Kohn-Sham</a>-Ansatz<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> den Beweis, dass der Ansatz, gleich von der Elektronendichte anstelle von den Wellenfunktionen auszugehen, für den Grundzustand keine Näherung darstellt, sondern geeignet ist, zu einer exakten Lösung zu führen.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Becke_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erweiterungen">Erweiterungen</h2></div>
<p>TF-Erweiterungen sind die <i>Thomas-Fermi-Dirac-</i> (TFD)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <i>Thomas-Fermi-Dirac-<a href="Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Weizsäcker</a></i>-(TFDW)-Näherung,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> für welche jedoch wie im Falle der TF-Näherung durch <a href="Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Teller</a> gezeigt werden konnte, dass keine stabilen Bindungen möglich sind.<sup id="cite_ref-Teller_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Slater modifizierte die TFD-Näherung weiter (Akronym: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{\alpha }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{\alpha }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/39308414a52622ff42b2b865f1c935fc9e35204f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.208ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{\alpha }}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <a href="Hartree-Fock-Methode" title="Hartree-Fock-Methode">Hartree-Fock-Slater</a>-Methode).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slater_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slater-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaters <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{\alpha }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{\alpha }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/39308414a52622ff42b2b865f1c935fc9e35204f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.208ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{\alpha }}" loading="lazy"></span>-Methode, welche als Vereinfachung der HF-Methode entwickelt wurde, stellte die erste einfache Form einer <a href="Dichtefunktionaltheorie_(Quantenphysik)" title="Dichtefunktionaltheorie (Quantenphysik)">Dichtefunktionaltheorie</a> (DFT) dar.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Becke_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
TF bildet die Basis der sog. Dichtefunktionaltheorie (<i>DFT</i>; auch: <i>KS-DFT</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Becke_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> für die <a href="Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> und <a href="John_Anthony_Pople" title="John Anthony Pople">John A. Pople</a> 1998 mit dem Nobelpreis ausgezeichnet wurden.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Gombas-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gombas_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gombas_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Gombás: <cite style="font-style:italic">Das statistische Modell von Thomas und Fermi</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Die Statistische Theorie des Atoms und ihre Anwendungen</cite>. Springer Vienna, Vienna 1949, ISBN 3-7091-2101-9, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>30–76</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2100-9_3">10.1007/978-3-7091-2100-9_3</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Das+statistische+Modell+von+Thomas+und+Fermi&rft.au=P.+Gomb%C3%A1s&rft.btitle=Die+Statistische+Theorie+des+Atoms+und+ihre+Anwendungen&rft.date=1949&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-7091-2100-9_3&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3709121019&rft.pages=30-76&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Springer+Vienna" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott H. Lieb, Barry Simon: <cite style="font-style:italic">Thomas-Fermi Theory Revisited</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Review Letters</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>31</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, 10. September 1973, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220031-9007%22&key=cql">0031-9007</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>681–683</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.31.681">10.1103/PhysRevLett.31.681</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Thomas-Fermi+Theory+Revisited&rft.au=Elliott+H.+Lieb%2C+Barry+Simon&rft.date=1973-09-10&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.31.681&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0031-9007&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.pages=681-683&rft.volume=31" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. H. Thomas: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Calculation of Atomic Fields</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>23</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 1927, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>542–548</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305004100011683">10.1017/S0305004100011683</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=The+Calculation+of+Atomic+Fields&rft.au=L.+H.+Thomas&rft.date=1927&rft.doi=10.1017%2FS0305004100011683&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.pages=542-548&rft.volume=23" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Fermi: <cite style="font-style:italic">Eine statistische Methode zur Bestimmung einiger Eigenschaften des Atoms und ihre Anwendung auf die Theorie des periodischen Systems der Elemente</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Zeitschrift für Physik</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>48</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–2</span>, 1928, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>73–79</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01351576">10.1007/BF01351576</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Eine+statistische+Methode+zur+Bestimmung+einiger+Eigenschaften+des+Atoms+und+ihre+Anwendung+auf+die+Theorie+des+periodischen+Systems+der+Elemente&rft.au=E.+Fermi&rft.date=1928&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF01351576&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1-2&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.pages=73-79&rft.volume=48" style="display:none"> </span><br>Siehe auch italienische Erstveröffentlichung von E. Fermi: <cite style="font-style:italic">Un metodo statistico per la determinazione di alcune priorieta dell’atome</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Rendicondi Accademia Nazionale de Lincei</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>32</span>, 1927, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>602–607</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Un+metodo+statistico+per+la+determinazione+di+alcune+priorieta+dell%E2%80%99atome&rft.au=E.+Fermi&rft.date=1927&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=32&rft.jtitle=Rendicondi+Accademia+Nazionale+de+Lincei&rft.pages=602-607&rft.volume=6" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. A. M. Dirac: <cite style="font-style:italic">Note on Exchange Phenomena in the Thomas Atom</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>26</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, Juli 1930, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220305-0041%22&key=cql">0305-0041</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>376–385</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305004100016108">10.1017/S0305004100016108</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0305004100016108/type/journal_article">cambridge.org</a> [abgerufen am 14. November 2021]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Note+on+Exchange+Phenomena+in+the+Thomas+Atom&rft.au=P.+A.+M.+Dirac&rft.date=1930-07&rft.doi=10.1017%2FS0305004100016108&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0305-0041&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.pages=376-385&rft.volume=26" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Schwinger-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwinger_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Schwinger: <cite style="font-style:italic">Thomas-Fermi model: The leading correction</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phys. Rev. A</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>22</span>, 1980, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1827–1832</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.22.1827">10.1103/PhysRevA.22.1827</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Thomas-Fermi+model%3A+The+leading+correction&rft.au=Julian+Schwinger&rft.btitle=Phys.+Rev.+A&rft.date=1980&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevA.22.1827&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1827-1832&rft.volume=22" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Teller-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Teller_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Teller_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Teller: <cite style="font-style:italic">On the Stability of Molecules in the Thomas-Fermi Theory</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Reviews of Modern Physics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>34</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 1. Oktober 1962, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220034-6861%22&key=cql">0034-6861</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>627–631</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.34.627">10.1103/RevModPhys.34.627</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=On+the+Stability+of+Molecules+in+the+Thomas-Fermi+Theory&rft.au=Edward+Teller&rft.date=1962-10-01&rft.doi=10.1103%2FRevModPhys.34.627&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0034-6861&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.pages=627-631&rft.volume=34" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. R. Hartree: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Wave Mechanics of an Atom with a Non-Coulomb Central Field. Part II. Some Results and Discussion</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>24</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Januar 1928, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221469-8064%22&key=cql">1469-8064</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>111–132</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305004100011920">10.1017/S0305004100011920</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mathematical-proceedings-of-the-cambridge-philosophical-society/article/abs/wave-mechanics-of-an-atom-with-a-noncoulomb-central-field-part-ii-some-results-and-discussion/5916E7A0DEC0A051B435688BE2ACD57E">cambridge.org</a> [abgerufen am 14. November 2021]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=The+Wave+Mechanics+of+an+Atom+with+a+Non-Coulomb+Central+Field.+Part+II.+Some+Results+and+Discussion&rft.au=D.+R.+Hartree&rft.date=1928-01&rft.doi=10.1017%2FS0305004100011920&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1469-8064&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.pages=111-132&rft.volume=24" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Slater-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Slater_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Slater_9-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">J. C. Slater, K. H. Johnson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Self-Consistent-Field Xα Cluster Method for Polyatomic Molecules and Solids</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Review B</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 1. Februar 1972, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220556-2805%22&key=cql">0556-2805</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>844–853</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.5.844">10.1103/PhysRevB.5.844</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Self-Consistent-Field+X%CE%B1+Cluster+Method+for+Polyatomic+Molecules+and+Solids&rft.au=J.+C.+Slater%2C+K.+H.+Johnson&rft.date=1972-02-01&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevB.5.844&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0556-2805&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.pages=844-853&rft.volume=5" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nobelprize-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_10-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_10-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1998/press-release/"><i>The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998.</i></a> 13. Oktober 1998,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 13. November 2021</span> (amerikanisches Englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AThomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.title=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1998&rft.description=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1998&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F1998%2Fpress-release%2F&rft.language=en-US"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Hohenberg, W. Kohn: <cite style="font-style:italic">Inhomogeneous Electron Gas</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Review</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>136</span>, 3B, 9. November 1964, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>B864–B871</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.136.B864">10.1103/PhysRev.136.B864</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Inhomogeneous+Electron+Gas&rft.au=P.+Hohenberg%2C+W.+Kohn&rft.date=1964-11-09&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRev.136.B864&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3B&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.pages=B864-B871&rft.volume=136" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Kohn, L. J. Sham: <cite style="font-style:italic">Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Review</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>140</span>, 4A, 15. November 1965, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>A1133–A1138</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.140.A1133">10.1103/PhysRev.140.A1133</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Self-Consistent+Equations+Including+Exchange+and+Correlation+Effects&rft.au=W.+Kohn%2C+L.+J.+Sham&rft.date=1965-11-15&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRev.140.A1133&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4A&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.pages=A1133-A1138&rft.volume=140" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Young-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Young_13-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Young_13-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">David C. Young: <cite style="font-style:italic">Computational chemistry : a practical guide for applying techniques to real world problems</cite>. Wiley, New York 2001, ISBN 0-471-33368-9, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>42<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>ff</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.au=David+C.+Young&rft.btitle=Computational+chemistry+%3A+a+practical+guide+for+applying+techniques+to+real+world+problems&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0471333689&rft.pages=42+ff.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Becke-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Becke_14-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Becke_14-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Becke_14-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Axel D. Becke: <cite style="font-style:italic">Perspective: Fifty years of density-functional theory in chemical physics</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Chemical Physics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>140</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>18</span>, 14. Mai 2014, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220021-9606%22&key=cql">0021-9606</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>18A301</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4869598">10.1063/1.4869598</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Perspective%3A+Fifty+years+of+density-functional+theory+in+chemical+physics&rft.au=Axel+D.+Becke&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.doi=10.1063%2F1.4869598&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0021-9606&rft.issue=18&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.pages=18A301&rft.volume=140" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. A. M. Dirac: <cite style="font-style:italic">Note on Exchange Phenomena in the Thomas Atom</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>26</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, Juli 1930, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220305-0041%22&key=cql">0305-0041</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>376–385</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305004100016108">10.1017/S0305004100016108</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0305004100016108/type/journal_article">cambridge.org</a> [abgerufen am 14. November 2021]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Note+on+Exchange+Phenomena+in+the+Thomas+Atom&rft.au=P.+A.+M.+Dirac&rft.date=1930-07&rft.doi=10.1017%2FS0305004100016108&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0305-0041&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.pages=376-385&rft.volume=26" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Gombás: <cite style="font-style:italic">Erweiterungen des statistischen Modells</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Die Statistische Theorie des Atoms und ihre Anwendungen</cite>. Springer, Vienna 1949, ISBN 3-7091-2100-0, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>76–133</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2100-9_4">10.1007/978-3-7091-2100-9_4</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Erweiterungen+des+statistischen+Modells&rft.au=P.+Gomb%C3%A1s&rft.btitle=Die+Statistische+Theorie+des+Atoms+und+ihre+Anwendungen&rft.date=1949&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-7091-2100-9_4&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3709121000&rft.pages=76-133&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. K. U. Gross, R. M. Dreizler: <cite style="font-style:italic">Thomas-Fermi approach to diatomic systems. I. Solution of the Thomas-Fermi and Thomas-Fermi-Dirac-Weizs\"acker equations</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Review A</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>20</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 1. November 1979, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1798–1807</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.20.1798">10.1103/PhysRevA.20.1798</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Thomas-Fermi+approach+to+diatomic+systems.+I.+Solution+of+the+Thomas-Fermi+and+Thomas-Fermi-Dirac-Weizs%5C%22acker+equations&rft.au=E.+K.+U.+Gross%2C+R.+M.+Dreizler&rft.date=1979-11-01&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevA.20.1798&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+A&rft.pages=1798-1807&rft.volume=20" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Toepfer, E. K. U. Gross, R. M. Dreizler: <cite style="font-style:italic">Thomas-Fermi approach to diatomic systems. II. Correlation diagrams for N-N and Ne-Ne</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physical Review A</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>20</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 1. November 1979, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1808–1815</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.20.1808">10.1103/PhysRevA.20.1808</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Thomas-Fermi+approach+to+diatomic+systems.+II.+Correlation+diagrams+for+N-N+and+Ne-Ne&rft.au=A.+Toepfer%2C+E.+K.+U.+Gross%2C+R.+M.+Dreizler&rft.date=1979-11-01&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevA.20.1808&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+A&rft.pages=1808-1815&rft.volume=20" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Adachi, T. Mukoyama, Jun Kawai: <cite style="font-style:italic">Hartree-Fock-Slater method for materials science : the DV-Xa method for design and characterization of materials</cite>. Springer, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-540-31297-8.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.au=H.+Adachi%2C+T.+Mukoyama%2C+Jun+Kawai&rft.btitle=Hartree-Fock-Slater+method+for+materials+science+%3A+the+DV-Xa+method+for+design+and+characterization+of+materials&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3540312978&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Errol Lewars: <cite style="font-style:italic">Computational chemistry : introduction to the theory and applications of molecular and quantum mechanics</cite>. Third edition Auflage. Switzerland 2016, ISBN 978-3-319-30916-3.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.au=Errol+Lewars&rft.btitle=Computational+chemistry+%3A+introduction+to+the+theory+and+applications+of+molecular+and+quantum+mechanics&rft.date=2016&rft.edition=Third+edition&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783319309163&rft.place=Switzerland" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eberhard Engel, Reiner M. Dreizler: <cite style="font-style:italic">Density functional theory : an advanced course</cite>. Springer, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-642-14090-7.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.au=Eberhard+Engel%2C+Reiner+M.+Dreizler&rft.btitle=Density+functional+theory+%3A+an+advanced+course&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783642140907&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. O. Di Rocco, F. Lanzini, J. C. Aguiar: <cite style="font-style:italic">Thomas–Fermi approach to density functional theory: binding energy for atomic systems</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">European Journal of Physics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>37</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, 19. August 2016, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220143-0807%22&key=cql">0143-0807</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>065402</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807%2F37%2F6%2F065402">10.1088/0143-0807/37/6/065402</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Thomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.atitle=Thomas-Fermi+approach+to+density+functional+theory%3A+binding+energy+for+atomic+systems&rft.au=H.+O.+Di+Rocco%2C+F.+Lanzini%2C+J.+C.+Aguiar&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft.doi=10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F37%2F6%2F065402&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0143-0807&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Physics&rft.pages=065402&rft.volume=37" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/news/nobelpreis-fuer-chemie-1998/341593"><i>Nobelpreis für Chemie 1998.</i></a> Spektrum der Wissenschaft Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 14. Oktober 1998,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 14. November 2021</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AThomas-Fermi-Modell&rft.title=Nobelpreis+f%C3%BCr+Chemie+1998&rft.description=Nobelpreis+f%C3%BCr+Chemie+1998&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spektrum.de%2Fnews%2Fnobelpreis-fuer-chemie-1998%2F341593&rft.publisher=Spektrum+der+Wissenschaft+Verlagsgesellschaft+mbH&rft.date=1998-10-14&rft.language=de"> </span></span>
</li>
</ol>
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